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What are alternative energy storage for vehicles?

Another alternative energy storage for vehicles are hydrogen FCs, although, hydrogen has a lower energy density compared to batteries.

What are the different types of energy storage solutions in electric vehicles?

Battery, Fuel Cell, and Super Capacitor are energy storage solutions implemented in electric vehicles, which possess different advantages and disadvantages.

What is energy storage in EVs?

In EVs, the type of energy storage is, together with the drive itself, one of the crucial components of the system.

Can hydrogen fuel cells be used as energy storage solution for EVs?

The implementation of hydrogen Fuel Cells (FCs) as energy storage solution for EVs is another approach to reduce charging times and increase the range of the vehicle [ 14 ]. Furthermore, hydrogen can be produced from sterilized water through renewable energy sources and consequently, can be seen as a clean fuel.

What are the advantages of HEVs & PHEVs in energy storage systems?

The introduction of HEVs and PHEVs reduces the required battery capacity and adds the functionality of recuperation of kinetic energy. The combination of battery, SC, and FC enables obtaining the advantage of both high energy density and high power density of energy storage systems [ 184 ].

Why do we need alternative energy resources for transportation?

Increased demand for automobiles is causing significant issues, such as GHG emissions, air pollution, oil depletion and threats to the world's energy security [ , , ], which highlights the importance of searching for alternative energy resources for transportation.